A method of viewing or performing surgery on a joint (shoulder, knee, ankle, elbow, or wrist) by use of an arthroscope, which consists of a tube, lens, and a light source designed from fiber optics.

Typically, this procedure is performed on the knee joint. A local or regional anesthetic is administered. Occasionally, for more extensive surgery, general anesthesia is used. The area is cleaned with antiseptic soap. A pressure band may be applied to restrict blood flow (tourniquet).

An incision is made into the joint and sterile fluid is introduced into the joint space to provide a better view. The arthroscope is then inserted, and the inside of the joint is viewed by displaying the image on a television screen. One or two small additional incisions by the knee may be needed, in order to use other instruments. These instruments can be used to remove bits of cartilage or bone, take a tissue biopsy, or perform other minor surgery. In addition, ligament reconstruction can be performed mostly using the arthroscope in many cases.

The procedure is similar for the shoulder except for the band used to restrict blood flow.

The average length of time for a diagnostic or simple arthroscopy is about 1 hour.

• infant test or procedure preparation (birth to 1 year)
• toddler test or procedure preparation (1 to 3 years)
• preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years)
• schoolage test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years)
• adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years)

The injection may sting, but once the anesthetic has taken effect, there is no pain.

The joint may be manipulated to provide a better view, so there may be some tugging on the leg (or arm, if done on the shoulder).

After the test, the joint will probably be stiff and sore for a few days. Slight activity (walking) can be resumed immediately, however excessive use of the joint may cause swelling, pain, and increase the chance of injury. Depending on the diagnosis, there may be other exercises or restrictions.

• suspected ligament tear
• damaged meniscus cartilage
• evidence of bone fragments
• joint pain from an injury
• unexplainable joint pain
• lesions or other problems detected by X-rays
• joint disease
• a need for joint surgery

An arthroscopy is not performed unless there is a problem, so there are rarely normal results. However, occasionally a diagnostic arthroscopy is performed, and no problem with the cartilage or ligaments is found.

• torn ligaments
• hemorrhage
• damaged meniscus cartilage
• bone fragments
• lesions
• dislocation
• broken bone
• Rotator cuff tendonitis

• swelling
• increased pain
• localized inflammation
• infection (fever)

• perforate tissue
• tear a ligament or muscle
• cause excessive bleeding (especially if a biopsy is performed)

The diagnostic accuracy of an arthroscopy is about 98%, however, X-rays are typically taken first because they are a noninvasive.

Ice is commonly recommended after the arthroscopy to help relieve swelling and pain.

The incision made for inserting the arthroscope is very small, and stitches may not be required. If a bandage is applied, there may be instructions given for changing the dressing.

Normal activity should not be resumed for several days or longer. Special preparations may need to be made concerning work and other responsibilities. Physical therapy may also be recommended.